Wong Kar-wai Elizabeth Wright May 2002 Great Directors Issue 20 (Wang Jiawei) b. 1958, Shanghai, China. filmography bibliography articles in Senses web resources Wong Kar-wai is undeniably an auteur of striking and salient cinema, standing apart from much mainstream Hong Kong cinema. Wong belongs to the mid-1980s Second New Wave of Hong Kong filmmakers who continued to develop the innovative and fresh aesthetic initiated by the original New Wave. The Second Wave, which includes directors such as Eddie Fong, Stanley Kwan and Clara Law, is often seen as a continuation of the first as many of these directors worked as assistants to First Wave directors such as Tsui Hark, Ann Hui and Patrick Tam (with whom Wong worked and collaborated). (1) The innovation of this group of filmmakers was linked to the social and political issues facing Hong Kong as well as an artistic impetus. The uncertainty with which Hong Kong citizens faced the 1984 Sino-British Agreement outlining the handover of Hong Kong to China forced Hong Kong residents and filmmakers alike to confront and examine their relationship with China. This issue was translated into film by the Second Wave of cinema but done so “with introspection rather than outright cynicism” that “brought Hong Kong cinema to a new level of maturity”. (2) Consequently, the themes connected to identity and Hong Kong’s relation to China were broadened and modernised. The identity of Hong Kong is perpetually marked by its closeness to the motherland China and its Western link as a British colony. Yet in the face of its history, Hong Kong has duly created its own culturally specific identity, one that inevitably combines both elements of the West and Mainland China. The cinema of Hong Kong reflects this notion of a dual identity, combining to create a third, localised identity. Significant in this respect is Hong Kong cinema’s ‘New Wave’ movement, which rose to prominence in 1979. (3) Varying from his New Wave counterparts’ preoccupation with the 1997 handover, Patrick Tam’s contribution to the New Wave movement came via his interest in the influence of the West and Japan on Hong Kong. His exploration of a society rapidly consuming Western and Japanese popular culture led him to reveal the “no man’s land of Hong Kong’s cultural, spiritual and geographical dislocation”. (4) Tam’s interest in themes of dislocation and alienation can be identified in the work of his protégé Wong Kar-wai. Notably, Wong was the scriptwriter of Tam’s 1987 Final Victory and Tam supervised the editing on Wong’s 1991 Days of Being Wild. (5) Both directors combined their preoccupation with themes of isolation and dislocation with a striking visual aesthetic. It is this exact visual and thematic amalgamation that signifies Wong’s mode of filmmaking. He works outside of the usual representational approaches that underpin classical narrative cinema and transcends artistic boundaries. Moments, questions and answers are infinite for Wong as he attempts to charter the terrain of his lovelorn outsiders. Wong’s status as a postmodern auteur sees him delve into ‘moments’ that are linked to both history and the personal, whether directly or indirectly. Notions of identity and the ever-present fusion between East and West find context in the themes of love, loneliness and alienation that pervade his protagonists. Tension between the past and present is linked to memory, desire, time, space and environment. Hong Kong cinema’s complex status as both a national and ‘transnational’ cinema as well as its relation to mainland China are distinct issues in the quest to define Hong Kong cinema. Wong’s art of filmmaking is crucial in discussing an innovative and inimitable cinema that is at once collective and exclusive. His focus on detail over totality consolidates his talent for creating a distinct mood and atmosphere, a visual pastiche of colours and emotions. After obtaining a diploma in graphic design from the Hong Kong Polytechnic School in 1980, Wong become a television production assistant. Following work on several television drama series, he began working as a scriptwriter for television and then later for films. Wong’s directorial debut As Tears Go By (1988) marked his unique visual style and was screened as part of the ‘Critics’ Week’ at the 1989 Cannes International Film Festival. Wong’s next film Days of Being Wild, which featured several of Hong Kong’s beautiful and popular young stars, won five Hong Kong Film Awards, including Best Film and Best Director. His following effort, Ashes of Time (1994), varied greatly in genre, successfully subverting the conventions of the period martial-arts drama. During a break in the post-production of Ashes of Time, Wong made Chungking Express (1994), which later became a cult hit. Following this came Fallen Angels, which received considerable critical success when it was premiered at the 1995 Toronto Film Festival. In 1997, Happy Together premiered at the Cannes Film Festival where it garnered a Best Director Award for Wong. In 2000, Wong’s In The Mood For Love was also awarded Cannes accolades, including Best Actor for Tony Leung Chiu-wai and the Technical Prize. Wong is currently completing his latest film entitled 2046, his first science fiction film to date. As with Wong’s other films such as Chungking Express, Days of Being Wild, Happy Together and Fallen Angels, In the Mood for Love dictates the arbitrary nature of romance and the notion of the ‘missed moment’. In fact, the permeating concept of the ‘moment’ is a crucial component of Wong’s oeuvre. He consistently employs a signature ‘parallelling’ and ‘intersecting’ rhetoric in which his characters arbitrarily cross paths. Wong’s protagonists are most often revealed to be a set of individuals existing within the visual array of urbanity. As in Days of Being Wild, Chungking Express and Fallen Angels, Hong Kong provides the ideal setting for this exposition of human contact within a buzzing cosmopolitan city that is both vibrant and brash. Wong successfully grants introspective gazes at his characters (usually in sets of twos), exploring their insecurities, personal motives and ultimately the random nature of relationships. With In the Mood for Love, the focus centres on the jilted figures of Chow Mo-wan (Tony Leung Chiu-wai) and Su Li-zhen (Maggie Cheung Man-yuk). Their isolation and longing is transformed into a melange of intersecting paths and poignantly shared moments in which the possibility of a soulful connection is entertained. Again, Wong’s arbitrary rhetoric finds expression in the poetic and brightly drenched tones of his unique filmic aesthetic, and his much-loved themes of loneliness, isolation, and longing rise to the surface. However, whilst In the Mood for Love incorporates all of his usual stylistic and thematic traits, it also ascends to a new level where the cultural significance of Wong’s setting is explored in greater detail. A title card at the beginning of In the Mood for Love reads: ‘It is a restless moment. Hong Kong 1962.’ This verse immediately triggers the mood of both the protagonists and the wider, social environment. At this time in 1962, 13 years after Mao and the Communist party’s rise to power in Mainland China, Hong Kong remained a British Colony. However, during the 1960s there was considerable unrest as a result of the wider social and political situation that was existing in the world. The threat of the spread of Communism inspired the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States that was to centre heavily on Southeast Asia as a focal point for the competition between the global powers. In addition, the Vietnam War and China’s support for the North Vietnamese Communist regime made the threat of Communism genuine. Naturally, Hong Kong’s proximity to Southeast Asia made it a serious candidate for the Domino theory of a looming Red presence ready to advance upon any territory. China’s hostile opposition of capitalism and imperialism also increased Hong Kong citizens’ fears that China would not wait for the end of Britain’s lease in 1997 to regain control of the territory. Many Hong Kong residents saw it in their best interests to leave Hong Kong and find homes elsewhere. In both Days of Being Wild and In the Mood for Love, Wong recreates a ‘60s Hong Kong that is both nostalgic and contemporary, evoking both tradition and modernity. Significantly, the ‘60s era represents the childhood period of the directors of the Second Wave. Wong himself was five years old when he moved from Shanghai to Hong Kong. Thus, the recreation of this period is deeply nostalgic and sentimental in its theme of Hong Kong as home. Wong’s portrait of 1960s Hong Kong is both retro and commodity conscious, with clear influences from the West and Japan. The ‘restless moment’ and mood of uncertainty that defines both the protagonists and the era is significant within In the Mood for Love. Indeed, Wong’s films may not be directly or overtly political, however there is often an “indirect relation to the political” via Wong’s conveying of “a particularly intense experience of the period as an experience of the negative; an experience of some elusive and ambivalent cultural space that lies always just beyond our grasp”. (6) The sense of history and nostalgia that pervades In the Mood for Love is a signature of Wong’s style and reminiscent of filmmakers such as Alain Resnais, Jean-Luc Godard and Krzysztof Kieslowski. With history and nostalgia, however, come change and the notion of ‘before’ and ‘after’. The protagonists are caught in a constantly evolving space where time can stand still or be momentarily captured, but will eventually succumb to expiration. The inevitability of change brings with it a nostalgia and reminiscence that often evoke melancholy. Following Chow and Su Li-zhen’s return to their former home, a title card reads: ‘That era has passed. Nothing that belonged to it exists anymore’. The characters whose identities are inexorably shaped by the past express Wong’s nostalgia for an era passed. Su Li-zhen’s Shanghainese landlady “can’t bear to throw things away” and Chow must physically unburden himself of the past by burying his memory in an ancient monument. Reminiscent of the female leads in Chungking Express and Fallen Angels, Su Li-zhen (unbeknownst to Chow) visits his apartment in Singapore and fetishes over his belongings, lying on the bed and taking a solitary drag from one of his cigarettes. The notion of time is a pervading concept in all of Wong’s films. His preoccupation with capturing time is constantly evident, his camera doting on specific moments and intent on finding difference in repetition. In both Chow and Su Li-zhen’s offices, there are clocks that oversee them. Particularly reminiscent of the clock in Days of Being Wild is the large Siemens clock that is prominent in Su Li-zhen’s office interior. Time and again the camera studies the stark black and white face of the clock as it attempts to capture the time that is constantly advancing. In the first part of Chungking Express, Cop #233 (Takeshi Kaneshiro) obsessively eats cans of pineapple with the expiry date of the 1st of May, convinced that everything has an expiry date, including love. In Fallen Angels, the hit man Wong (Leon Lai-ming) says “I do not know who these people are and I do not care, soon they will be history” and in Happy Together, Wong effectively captures the period of Hong Kong’s return to China. Time and memory are inexorably linked, and these notions are in turn linked to both the personal and the historical. Wong depicts the transience of life and reveals that nothing is permanent in the worlds he creates. However, he also conceives characters that despite living in the present ‘moment’ are maimed by their “desperate attempt to find something stable”. (7) His characters’ lack of roots or painful personal history means they are forced to create their own history. Consequently, Wong acknowledges the significance and pervasiveness of history, especially for Hong Kong citizens who are constantly in transition. He also observes modernity and technology as discourses that must be worked with and not against. The result is often characters with fragmented identities whose inner struggle and quests for clarity in a dynamic social world ensure their validity. In the Mood for Love continues Wong’s tradition of capturing moments within a potentially isolating and disconnected environment and bears resemblance to his other 1960s homage Days of Being Wild, which is believed (through Wong’s own statements on both films and popular perception) to be the first instalment to In the Mood for Love. Set in the ‘60s, Days of Being Wild presents young adults who are both lost and vulnerable. The film’s protagonist is an A Fei named Yuddy (Leslie Cheung Kwok-wing), A Fei being a “euphemism for vaseline-haired and rock-loving delinquents and unsavoury teenagers with gangland connections”. (8) The characters within this film are connected to other individuals, even if arbitrarily, yet unable to initiate lasting relationships. Their sense of desolation and perceived lack of identity pervades every aspect of their lives. Yuddy is both “macho and vulnerable, sensitive and insensitive”, representing the “undefined soul of Hong Kong who seeks to find himself an identity he can respect”. (9) Days of Being Wild is a chamber film that evokes the utmost of personal emotions through unspoken words, desire, the notion of possibility and the melancholy of detachment. The film’s constant reference to time, via repeated shots of ticking clocks, alludes to the 1997 issue as well as the sheer intangibility and fleetingness of time. When Yuddy meets Maggie Cheung’s character, he charismatically exclaims, “let’s be friends for one minute”. (10) This same sentimentality and awareness of time permeates In the Mood for Love. Wong creates an internal world in which time is homogenous and ephemeral. His protagonists are caught in a quasi-dreamscape where time and memory cannot be secured. Music is also a prominent and strategic element in all of Wong’s films. Musical repetition is often employed to articulate that which is unsaid or that which cannot be expressed via words and dialogue. Moreover, Wong’s “destructuring and modernisation of genres involves re-interpreting codes, a process in which music is central”. (11) The notion of re-interpretation is particularly evident in two of Wong’s earlier films. David Martinez asserts that ‘40s and ‘50s music is used to re-create the ‘60s era in Days of Being Wild and a score by composer Frankie Chan and “inspired by Ennio Morricone’s spaghetti western music” is used for the martial arts epic Ashes of Time. (12) In Chungking Express music is used to evoke emotion and create atmosphere but also as an identification tool for the character of Faye (Faye Wong). The Mamas and Papas’ 1960s track “California Dreamin’” plays continuously throughout the second half of the film, and becomes a trademark of Faye’s presence within a scene. The song not only allows her to transcend her spatial and temporal boundaries and “represents her state of mind but also emphasizes her as a subject who prefers music to words as a way of expression and communication”. (13) Notably, the Cantonese translation of Western pop songs is a favourite cultural traverse of Wong’s, as evident in the Cantonese version of The Cranberries’ “Dreams” in Chungking Express, Berlin’s “Take My Breath Away” in As Tears Go By and the re-orchestration of Massive Attack’s “Karma Koma” in Fallen Angels. It is this willingness to borrow and reformulate influences and reference popular culture that contributes to Wong’s status as a postmodern auteur and makes his films both local and ‘transnational’ in execution. The rhythmic presence in the construction of shots and the pastiche of eccentric audio-visual rhymes and coincidences also allude to Wong’s musical sensibility. Wong’s ‘MTV aesthetic’ that finds an equilibrium between sound and image retains a sentimentality that does not succumb to an ‘empty’ spectacle, or allow it to be subsumed by a postmodern ethos. Wong effectively highlights the fact that people (who make up part of the postmodern pastiche) are in close physical proximity, but can be so far apart, and indeed are so very far apart, at the same time. The literary nature of Wong’s films is often ignored in favour of readings that focus on the visual splendour of his film aesthetic. Nevertheless, his penchant for voiceover monologues and written captions are also part of his signature compositions. The isolation of his characters often gives way to voiceover monologues in which his character’s status as outsiders is constantly reiterated. The alienating space of the city is often the backdrop for inhabitants who struggle to mentally articulate their own sense of place and identity within the urban landscape. This translates to a visual pastiche of deeply drenched colours and stylised camera shots. Chungking Express adopts this rhetoric using MTV editing vocabulary and by constantly manipulating visuals. Wong finds “creativity in the astute articulation of the pause and rewind modes”, another postmodern emblem of the late 20th century. (14) He effectively employs the functions of fast-forward and pause into his aesthetic repertoire, illustrating the various modes of remote control technology. Chungking Express articulates this mode with the accelerated passing of clouds and Cop #633’s (Tony Leung Chiu-wai) hastened running. The film also proposes a dual gaze through the visual juxtaposition of action versus immobility, as when a long take films the protagonists stationary whilst indistinguishable bodies hurriedly move past the camera, creating flashes of movement. Spectators must suspend their beliefs in chronology, time and in many cases, their memories too, in order to fully experience the depth of Wong’s evocative filmic creations. Wong’s story is continual and the narrative as dependent on the context of the present as of the past. The geography, history and unique cultural identity of Hong Kong inhabitants have inevitably shaped the territory’s cinema. Hong Kong’s adaptability to change, cultural diversity and cosmopolitan lifestyle has led to a dynamic output of films that portray a distinct Hong Kong psyche. The films of Wong Kar-wai attest to this manner of filmmaking, articulating the nebulous space of Hong Kong and the ‘in-betweeness’ and possible dislocation felt by Hong Kong citizens in the face of cultural and political diversity and advances in modernity. Through Wong’s oeuvre, Hong Kong becomes a metaphor for the characters and their varied existence. It represents an urban pastiche in which individuals struggle to come to terms with a sense of detachment and loneliness despite the territory’s high-density population. Wong’s endless array of possible scenarios and the navigation of his protagonists’ internal and external journeys in turn constitute an unravelling and reconfiguring of spatio-temporal constrictions. Hong Kong’s identity cannot always be summated via its east and west sensibilities. Rather, in portraying Hong Kong’s culturally diverse existence, Hong Kong cinema is effectively constructing and revealing its own identity. Wong’s empirical aesthetic creates a cosmopolitan filmmaking practice that transcends cultural boundaries. His taste for popular culture, global influences and incorporation of several different music genres is explicit within his films. The origin of Wong’s filmmaking may be Hong Kong but his films cannot be categorically contained or strictly confined to a culturally specific consumer. Ultimately, Wong Kar-wai is a filmmaking poet, concerned with issues as varied as memory, identity, time and space, urbanity, mood, isolation and absence. He is also dedicated to the location of Hong Kong as an urban landscape in which his thematic concerns find expression. Hong Kong’s unique identity with its fusion of Chinese and Western culture and complex history provides a culturally diverse space in which technology and tradition co-exist in various forms. Wong’s avant-garde filmic aesthetic is composed of elliptical storytelling through the use of deeply drenched tones, slow motion, jump cuts and fragmented images. Although the notion of auteur is not entirely customary in Hong Kong where films are often shot quickly and marketed via their accessibility as popular entertainment, Wong’s status as auteur marks his position within Hong Kong cinema’s industrial environment and signifies his complete creative freedom and control of every facet of his films’ production. In Wong’s own words, his films represent explorations in which “Wong Kar-wai, the director, managed to add something into the work”. (15) Filmography As Tears Go By (Wangjiao Kamen) (1988) Days of Being Wild (A-Fei Zhengzhuan) (1991) Ashes of Time (Dongxie Xidu) (1994) Chungking Express (Chongqing Senlin) (1994) Fallen Angels (Duoluo Tianshi) (1995) Happy Together (Chunguang Zhaxie) (1997) In the Mood for Love (Huayang Nianhua) (2000) The Follow (2001) (short commissioned by BMW Films) Lacoste commercial (2002) (TV, short) La Mano (2004) segment in Eros omnibus film 2046 (2004) Eros (2004) segment “The Hand” My Blueberry Nights (2007) To Each His Own Cinema (2007) segment “I Travelled 9000 km to Give It to You” The Grandmaster (2013) Select Bibliography Abbas, A., “The Erotics of Disappointment” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997. Bordwell, D., Planet Hong Kong, Popular Cinema and the Art of Entertainment. London: Harvard University Press, 2000. Cheuk-to, L.., “The Return of the Father: Hong Kong New Wave and its Chinese Context in the 1980S” New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics. Ed. N. Browne, P. Pickowicz, V. Sobchack & E. Yau. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Dissanayake, W. Ed., Melodrama and Asian Cinema. Victoria: Cambridge University Press, 1993. Fonoroff, P., At the Hong Kong Movies, 600 Reviews From 1988 Till the Handover. Hong Kong: Film Biweekly Publishing House, 1998. Lalanne, J., “Images from the Inside” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997. Martinez, D., “Chasing the Metaphysical Express” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997. Mazierska, E. & Rascaroli, L., “Trapped in the Present: Time in the Films of Wong Kar-Wai” Film Criticism Vol. XXV, No. 2 (Winter 2000-01) : 2-20. Ngai, J & Wong Kar-wai., “A Dialogue with Wong Kar-wai. Cutting Between Time and Two Cities” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997. Server, L., Asian Pop Cinema: Bombay to Tokyo. San Francisco, Calif.: Chronicle Books, 1999. Teo, S., Hong Kong Cinema, The Extra Dimensions. London: British Film Institute, 1997. Teo, Stephen, Auteur of Time, BFI World Directors, British Film Institute, London, 2005. Weisser, T., Asian Cult Cinema. New York: Boulevard Books, 1997. Yueh-yu, Y., “A Life of Its Own: Musical Discourses in Wong Kar-Wai’s Films” Post Script Vol. 19, No. 1 (Fall 1999) : 120-136. Articles in Senses of Cinema The Cinema of Wong Kar-wai – A ‘Writing Game’ by various writers Wong Kar-wai’s In the Mood For Love: Like a Ritual in Transfigured Time by Stephen Teo Happy Together by Joe McElhaney Local and Global identity: Whither Hong Kong Cinema? by Stephen Teo 2046: A Matter of Time, A Labour of Love by Stephen Teo Web Resources Compiled by Michelle Carey Wong Kar-wai Worldwide The definitive Wong website! Features news, contests, biography, posters, fanclub, forum, information on collaborators and on getting Wong soundtracks, books, DVDs and videos. Wong Kar-wai – Charisma Express A page written by Tony Rayns as part of Sight and Sound’s Innovators 1990-2000. Meditations on Loss: A Framework for the Films of Wong Kar-wai Online analytical essay by Anthony Leong, full of quotations and stills. Wong Kar-wai Aquarello’s Strictly Film School Wong page features reviews of Days of Being Wild and In the Mood for Love. Wong Kar-wai at the End of Time Asian Media Access’ page on Wong’s films, including information on Final Victory, Patrick Tam’s version of Wong’s self described best screenplay. Wong Kar-wai: Time, Memory, Identity An essay by Toh Hai Leong exploring these themes in Wong’s first four films. What’s This Wong Kar-wai? A fairly old site now but has some interesting links. In the Mood for…Wong Kar-wai Visually beautiful and informative French-language site. In the Mood for Love A nice collection of quotations and personal thoughts on this film and its major themes. Visit this page for the gorgeous colour stills. BOMB Magazine: Wong Kar-wai by Liza Bear Interview with Wong upon the release of In the Mood for Love. Wong Kar-wai Some stunning stills from the cut-scenes from In the Mood for Love and the yet-to-be-released 2046. Make Mood Not Love Time Magazine article on Wong and his on-set antics. Ways of Seeing Wild: The Cinema of Wong Kar-wai Lengthy, scholarly essay by Robert M. Payne exploring Wong’s place in Hong Kong cinema. Love and Bullets – Wong Kar-wai Click on the posters of Fallen Angels and Happy Together to read the DVD reviews. Wong Kar-wai: And the Winner is… An interview with Wong at the time of In the Mood for Love’s Cannes prize for best actor. The Films of Wong kar-wai Reviews of In the Mood for Love and Ashes of Time DVDs. Holes in the Wall: Wong Kar-wai and the Architecture of Absence Review of In the Mood for Love by Charles Mudede. In the Mood for Love Beautifully designed interactive website for this film. Happy Together Nice site for the film, with a downloadable trailer, poster, film credits, synopsis, photo gallery, director information and review. Some of the site features Korean-characters and is thus inaccessible to English-language readers but the visuals more than make up for this. The Follow This is where you can see Wong’s short film for BMW. Lacoste Visit this site to see Wong’s latest piece of micro-cinema, an advertisement for Lacoste clothing, featuring Chang Chen. Click here to search for Wong Kar-wai DVDs, videos and books at Endnotes S. Teo, Hong Kong Cinema, The Extra Dimensions. London: British Film Institute, 1997. p. 184. Ibid. p. 160. L. Cheuk-to, “The Return of the Father: Hong Kong New Wave and its Chinese Context in the 1980s”, New Chinese Cinemas: Forms, Identities, Politics. Ed. N. Browne, P. Pickowicz, V. Sobchack & E. Yau. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994. p. 160. Ibid. p. 158. Ibid. p. 157. A. Abbas, “The Erotics of Disappointment” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997, p. 41. E. Mazierska & L. Rascaroli, “Trapped in the Present: Time in the Films of Wong Kar-Wai” Film Criticism Vol. XXV, No. 2 (Winter 2000-01). p. 8. S. Teo, Hong Kong Cinema, The Extra Dimensions. London: British Film Institute, 1997. p. 193. Ibid. p. 194. Ibid. p. 195. D. Martinez, “Chasing the Metaphysical Express” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997,. p. 30. Ibid. Y. Yueh-yu, “A Life of Its Own: Musical Discourses in Wong Kar-Wai’s Films” Post Script Vol. 19, No. 1 (Fall 1999): p. 124. M. Turim, “Cinemas of Modernity and Postmodernity” Zeitgeist in Babel: The Postmodernist Controversy. Ed. I. Hoesterey. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991. p. 189. J. Ngai & Wong Kar-wai, “A Dialogue with Wong Kar-wai. Cutting Between Time and Two Cities” Wong Kar-wai. Ed. J. Lalanne, D. Martinez, A. Abbas & J. Ngai. Paris: Dis Voir, 1997, p. 109.